Daga mafi zurfi mai zurfi, lokacin da mutane kawai suka fara koyo duniya, animism ya tashi, a matsayin farkon addini. Yanayin yana da rai kuma duk abin da ke dauke da ruhu ko ruhu: abu, dutse, dabba, mutum. Don haka mutanen zamanin da suka yi imani da duk sassan duniya.
Animism - mece ce?
Masanin harshen Turanci mai suna E. Tyler ya dauka cewa dukan addinan da suka wanzu sun zo ne daga ra'ayoyin ra'ayi game da mutum. A Latin, animism shine anima, rayuka ne ruhu ko ruhu. Bangaskiya cikin farkon ruhaniya ko mawallafin allahntaka na dukan rayayyu da wadanda ba su da rai a yanayi. Mutum da ruhu abubuwa ne da ba a bayyane ga idanuwan mutum, kuma idan ruhu yana haɗi da kayan abu wanda yake samuwa, ruhu ne mai zaman kanta na makamashi kyauta a cikin zamanta duk inda kuma a duk lokacin da.
Yaushe kuma me ya sa mahaukaci ya tashi?
Yayin da tashin hankali ya tashi - yana da wahala ga masana tarihi su yi la'akari da wannan tsari, amma hakan ya fi dacewa a tsaka-tsakin juyin mulkin Neanderthal na ci gaba a cikin mutum mai kyau, kimanin shekaru 40 da suka wuce. Tsohon kakanni na zane-zane sune sihiri ne, tarin fuka , animatism da totemism. Mutane sun san kadan game da yanayin, kuma ba su iya bayani da yawa daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru a ciki ba, saboda haka duk sun sami damar yin allahntaka kuma sunyi imani da zumunta tare da dabbobin dabbobi na al'umma.
Animism, wadda ta maye gurbin tayar da hankali, ta dogara ne akan ƙarni na kwarewa na kallo:
- mafarkai (Ruhun yana tafiya cikin duniya);
- Jihar a yayin da ake yin amfani da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire.
- jana'izar rites (rai ya bar jiki).
Animism a falsafar
Cibiyoyin falsafar da suka samo asali a ƙasar Girka da yawa sun kasance da yawa a cikin tunanin tunani, da ra'ayi da kuma koyarwa. Makarantar dan adam, jagorancin wani masanin lissafi da falsafa Pythagoras, ya yi wa'azin koyarwar da ake nufi da yin hulɗar da hankali tare da dabi'a, wanda ba ku taɓawa - ruhun yana ko'ina a cikin rubutu. Abun dabba a cikin falsafanci shine ilimin dawwama na ruhin kowane mutum: kasancewa itace, dabba ko mutum. Kowane abu yana dauke da rayuka na wannan tsari daga wuta da iska, kuma a cikin halayen jiki wanda ke cikin jiki ya bi sabon jiki da aka ba shi.
Animism a cikin ilimin kimiyya
Ilimin kimiyya a matsayin horo na zaman kanta ya samo kwanan nan ba da daɗewa ba kuma ana bayyana abubuwan da ake bukata kafin a iya la'akari da irin abubuwan da suka faru na shekaru arba'in na mutane a sanin rayukansu. Abun dabino a cikin ilimin kwakwalwa shine hoto na duniya inda dukkanin abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu suna "ruhaniya" kuma yana da ji da motsin rai . Harkokin ilimin halayyar dan Adam ya bayyana a fili a cikin tunanin tunanin yara, wanda masanin kimiyyar psychologist J. Piaget ya gano. Yaron ya gaskata cewa idan ya ji, to, duk abin da ke kewaye da shi yana da ji. Yara yara - fasali:
- Binciken yara kamar abubuwa marar rai kamar abubuwa masu rai.
- Wani abu mai motsi yana ƙarfafa wakilcin halayen yaro, yayinda za'a iya ɗaukar mahimmanci a matsayin maras kyau.
- Hanya na tunanin rayuka shine shekaru 5 (faduwa zuwa shekaru 7).
Animism a matsayin addini
Saboda tsoron irin kyawawan abubuwan da suka faru na al'ada, tsohuwar mutane sun fara bayyana musu. Animism shine imani da kasancewar rayuka da ruhohin da ke tattare da duk abinda ke cikin duniya. Hasken walƙiya da tsawa, rana da watã, ruwan sama, snow da ƙanƙara - mutumin da ya yi ƙanƙara da rashin tsaro a gaban abubuwa, ya fara jagorancin ruhohi mai karfi kuma ya yanka su don yayi ƙoƙarin jefa kuri'a.
Lokacin kallon haihuwar da mutuwa, mutum ya nuna cewa a lokacin haihuwar yaro, rai yana shiga ciki, kuma a lokacin mutuwa, ta bar jikin ta da numfashi. Tsohon mutanen sun yi imanin cewa ruhun marigayin ya kasance a cikin harsashin ethereal kuma bai bar dangin dangi ba. Gidan tunawa da girmamawa ga rayukan mutane sun bi manufar samun ruhun kabilanci mai karewa da kuma kula da magunguna na sauran duniya.
Abinda ke cikin tarihin zamanin Girka yana taimaka wa masana tarihi suyi nazarin tunanin mutane. Hotuna masu banƙyama na alloli, waɗanda aka tsara a tsawon lokaci daga fahimtar yanayin da ayyukan da ke tattare da abubuwan da suka faru na halitta:
- Zeus - iko da tsawa da walƙiya, ya zubar da ƙasa tare da ruwan sama.
- Gaia (duniya) - haifaffen dutse masu yawa (girgizar asa, rockfalls).
- Hades (Thanatos) shine ubangiji na duniya, yana dauke da rayuka.
Animism a cikin zamani zamani
A sassa daban-daban na kabilu na duniya sun kasance masu kasancewa masu tsaurin ra'ayi - wadannan su ne ƙananan mutane, tare da hanyar rayuwa ta d ¯ a. A Arewa da kuma Siberia, su ne Evenks, Khanty, Nanais, Udegeans. Harkokin rayuwar mutum na zamani yana dogara ne akan sauran abubuwan da suka faru na d ¯ a:
- hadisai da al'ajabi na girmamawa da kuma tunawa da kakanni;
- Gidan Gida (asalin gida);
- shamanic fasaha don dawo da ruhu ga jiki (tare da cututtuka na hankali psychic).
Animism - abubuwan ban sha'awa
Animism shine imani da ruhohi da kuma jinsin, kamar yadda addini na dā ya bar babbar ƙafawar al'adu a tarihin 'yan adam. Asalin asalin tarihi na Scandinavia, Girka, Misira - wannan duniyar duniyan duniya ce game da al'adun ɗan adam. Animism, wanda ya taso daga tunanin tunanin mutum game da ruhu, ya gudana zuwa wasu cikakkiyar maƙasudin imani, amma a wasu fannoni ya rayu har yau a ranar idin arna.
Gaskiya masu ban sha'awa da suka danganci dan Adam:
- Babban mathematician Pythagoras shi ne farkon mai cin ganyayyaki, ya hana 'yan makaranta, saboda kasancewar rayukan su kamar yadda mutum yake.
- Yarinya a cikin tunaninsa na farko, yana tunanin cewa idan ya tafi, watã yana "gudu" bayansa.
- Koryaks ('yan asalin Kamchatka), sun kashe karninci ko beyar a kan farauta, suka saka fata kan daya daga cikin magoya baya, suna rawa a kusa da shi kuma suna raira waƙar da suka tabbatar da cewa basu da laifi ga mutuwar dabba, kuma kuskuren wannan "dan Rasha" . Dalilin mahimmanci shi ne ya jawo fushin ran dabba marar mutuwa.
- Mutanen tsibirin Fiji sun yi imanin cewa rayuka na kayan fashe (gado, wuka) suna tashi zuwa ga gumaka don ƙarin hidima.