Ga iyaye, haihuwar jariri shine babban abin rayuwa a rayuwa da farin ciki ƙwarai. Kuma ga jihar da aka haifa wannan yaro - wannan shine bayyanar sabuwar al'umma, wanda yake tare da wasu lokuta. Ɗaya daga cikin lokuttan lokuta shine tabbatarwa da kuma rubutawa na ɗan ƙasa na yaro.
Waɗanne yanayi ne ke ƙayyade 'yan ƙasa na yara?
A cikin ƙasashe daban-daban na duniya, yanayin da ke ƙayyade 'yan ƙasa na yaron a haihuwa zai iya bambanta. Lokacin kimiyya don ƙayyade 'yan ƙasa ta hanyar haihuwa shine reshe. A duniya akwai manyan siffofin uku na reshe:
1. Jus sanguinis (lat.) - "ta hannun hakkin jini" - lokacin da dangin yaro ya dogara ne akan dangin iyayensa (ko ɗaya iyaye). An yarda da wannan nau'i na reshe a yawancin ƙasashe na duniya, ciki har da a cikin duk bayanan Soviet.
Ƙarin bayani game da ka'idojin samun 'yan ƙasa "ta hanyar hakkin jini" a kan misali na Rasha. A karkashin dokar Rasha, dan kabilar Rasha ne yaro idan iyayensa (ko ɗaya iyaye) a lokacin haihuwarsa yana da 'yan asalin Rasha. A wannan yanayin, wurin haihuwa na yaron ba kome ba ne. Sabili da haka, kula da abin da ake buƙatar takardun don yin rajistar dan kasa ga yaro. Wannan shine ainihin takardun da suka tabbatar da dangin iyayensu: Fasfo da bayanin kula akan ɗan ƙasa ko (idan irin wannan alamar a fasfo ba shi da) tikitin soja, wani samfurin daga littafin gida, takardar shaidar daga wurin karatu, da dai sauransu. Kuma idan yaron yana da iyaye ɗaya, to sai a buƙaci wani takardun don tabbatar da babu iyayensu na biyu (takardar mutuwa, yanke hukunci a kotu a kan ɓata hakkin dangi, da sauransu). Idan daya daga cikin iyaye shi ne na wata ƙasa, dole ne a shigar da takardar shaidar zuwa gidan fice na Tarayyar Tarayya don yaron ba shi da 'yan ƙasa na wannan jiha. Dangane da waɗannan takardu da (a wasu lokuta) aikace-aikace na kafacciyar tsari, an tabbatar da dancin yaro: an sanya hatimi daidai a bayan bayanan haihuwa. Wani takardar shaidar haihuwa tare da irin wannan hatimi shine kanta takardun shaida wanda ya tabbatar da matsayin dan kasa na Rasha na yaro. Idan takardar shaidar haihuwa ta kasance waje, an sanya hatimi a gefen baya na fassarar asarar takardar shaidar. Kafin Fabrairu 6, 2007, don takaddun haihuwa, an ba da takardar shaidar shaidar haihuwa.
2. Jus soli (Latin) - "da hakkin ƙasa (ƙasa)" - na biyu nau'i na reshe, wanda aka ƙayyade 'yan ƙasa ta yara wurin wurin haihuwar. Ee. yaron ya sami 'yan ƙasa na jihar a ƙasar da aka haife shi.
Kasashe da ke ba da 'yan ƙasa ta haihuwa a ƙasarsu ga yara (wanda har ma da iyayensu biyu baƙi) sune ƙasashen arewa da kudancin Amirka (abin da yake fahimta ta ainihin tarihin tarihi). Ga jerin sunayen su: Antigua da Barbuda, Argentina, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Fiji, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Hong Kong, Jamaica, Lesotho, Mexico, Nicaragua , Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Christopher da Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent da Grenadines, Trinidad da Tobago, Amurka, Uruguay, Venezuela. Akwai kuma a cikin tsohuwar kasashen CIS wata jiha wadda ta ba da 'yan kasa "ta hanyar haƙƙin ƙasa" - wannan ita ce Azerbaijan. A hanyar, "hakkin hakkin jini" ya yi aiki guda lokaci a cikin jamhuriyar.
Ƙasashe da yawa sun haɓaka "hakkin ƙasa" tare da wasu bukatun da ƙuntatawa. Alal misali, a Kanada, yana aiki ne ga kowa da kowa, sai dai yara da aka haife su a cikin ƙasa na masu yawon bude ido. Kuma a cikin Jamus wannan hakki ya kara yawanta ta hanyar da ake bukata na zama iyaye a cikin ƙasa don akalla shekaru 8. Dukkan nauyin wannan batu an rubuta su a cikin dokokin kowace jiha. Daga gare su za su dogara ne yadda za a ba da 'yancin ɗan ƙasa ga ɗan ƙaramin yaro.
3. Ta wurin gado - mafi girman siffar reshe, wanda ke faruwa a kasashe da dama na Turai. Alal misali, 'yan ƙasa na Latvia sun karbi duk wanda kakanninsu suka kasance' yan ƙasa na Jamhuriyar Latvia kafin Yuni 17, 1940.
Ina bukatan dan kasa ga ɗana?
Tabbatar da dangin yaro ya zama dole don samun fasfo, ba tare da alamar dan kasa ba, ba don karbar babban jarirai ba, kuma a nan gaba wata takarda ta tabbatar da asalin yaro zai buƙaci don samun fasfo na asali.