Tabbas, masana kimiyya da masu kirki da yawa sun ciyar da rayuwarsu duka suna neman mafitacciyar maganganu don abubuwan da suka samo wanda zai iya sauƙaƙe kuma inganta rayuwar mutum. Amma, kamar yadda ya fito, abubuwa da yawa masu muhimmanci da mahimmanci sun "kasancewa" a cikin hatsari.
Mun tattara 25 duk abubuwan da aka sani cewa babu wanda ya yi shirin ƙirƙirar. Wannan kawai ya faru. Kuma mafi mahimmanci, a yau ba mu tunanin rayuwa ba tare da waɗannan binciken ba!
1. Sauya sukari - saccharin
A kalla sau ɗaya a rayuwarmu, kowannenmu ya yi ƙoƙari ya maye gurbin sukari. Amma 'yan mutane sun yi tunanin yadda aka kirkiro shi. A shekara ta 1879 Konstantin Felberg, wani likita ne, yana nazarin tamanin katako, yana ƙoƙari ya sami madadin amfani da shi. Kuma, kamar yadda ya saba, bayan dawowa gida bayan aiki mai wuya, sai ya lura cewa cin abincin matarsa ya fi kyau kuma ya fi muni. Tambaya matarsa abin da ba daidai ba ne, sai ya gane cewa ya manta ya wanke hannunsa bayan aiki tare da tar. Wannan shine yadda aka yi amfani da sukari, wanda aka yi amfani dashi a duk faɗin duniya, ya maye gurbin farin fararen.
2. Cire mai tsabta
Smart ƙura shi ne ƙirar ƙirar nanotechnology, yana nuna ƙananan, na'urorin mara waya marasa ganuwa waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin tsarin daya. Kashi mai laushi ya bayyana ne ga dalibin digiri na jami'ar California Jamie Link, wanda ya yi nazarin ilimin silicon. Gidan ya fashe, kuma Jamie ya ziyarci ra'ayin cewa kananan ƙananan za su iya aiki dabam, a matsayin guda ɗaya. A yau, ana amfani da wannan fasaha don gano duk wani abu daga ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayar cuta ga masu aiki na halitta.
3. Dankali kwakwalwan kwamfuta
Haka ne, yana nuna cewa abincin da aka fi so ba zai iya bayyana a rayuwarmu ba. A shekara ta 1853, mashawarcin gidan cin abinci na George Cram na New York ya ba da kariya ga kwakwalwa. Sabili da haka, kamar yadda ya faru: wani abokin ciniki wanda bai yarda da shi ya dawo da tasa na dankalin turawa a cikin ɗakin ba, yana cewa yana da "rigar". Bayan haka sai Kram ya yanke shawarar koya wa abokin ciniki darasi da sliced dankali a cikin nau'i na bakin ciki, gurasa har sai ya yayyafa shi kuma ya yayyafa shi da gishiri. Ga abin mamaki na dafa abinci, tasa yana da dadi ga abokin ciniki. Don haka akwai kwakwalwan kwamfuta.
4. Coca-Cola
Wani abin sha, wanda dandano ya saba da kowa, ya zama magani a lokacin yakin basasa tare da likitan soji John Pemberton. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa cocaine yake a Coca-Cola.
5. Ruwan 'ya'yan itace
A 1905, soda yana daya daga cikin shaguna mafi shahara. Frank Epperson mai shekaru 11 ya yanke shawarar cewa zai iya ajiye wasu kayan sa a hannunsa idan ya sanya soda a gida. Ta hanyar hada foda da ruwa, Frank yana kusa da irin wannan dandano na ruwan soda, amma saboda rikicewa, sai ya bar ruwa a kan shirayi na dare duka. Lokacin da Frank ya fita a kan shirayi da safe, sai ya ga cewa an kwashe gurasar tare da hannun hagu don motsawa.
6. Waves na kankara don ice cream
Har zuwa 1904, an yi amfani da ice cream a cikin kwano. Kuma kawai a yayin Exhibition na Duniya an sami ƙaho masu tsalle. Kusho a wannan zauren yana da irin wannan gishiri mai dadi da cewa buƙatar shi ya fi girma, kuma faranti ya ƙare da sauri. A wannan lokacin, a kiosk da ke kusa da Mutanen Espanya, ba su da wata kasuwanci, don haka masu sayarwa sun yanke shawara su shiga dakarun. Sun fara ninka wajibi da sanya ice cream a can. Hakanan ne aka bayyana ƙaho masu tsalle.
7. Teflon shafi
Yawancin gidaje sun san cewa Teflon shafi na frying pans yana samuwa wanda ya taimaka sau da yawa. Kuma wannan sabon abu ya bayyana a farkon karni na 20 saboda godiya Roy Plunkett, wanda ya yi kuskure a kan saɓo masu amfani da firiji. Kamfanin da Roy ya yi aiki, da sauri ya yi watsi da wannan binciken.
8. Vulcanized roba
Charles Goodyear ya shafe shekaru da yawa yana kokarin neman rubber wanda zai yi sanyi ga zafi da sanyi. Bayan da aka yi ƙoƙari da yawa, sai ya samo cakuda da ya yi aiki. Kafin kawar da hasken a cikin bitar, Charles ba da gangan ya zubar da roba, sulfur da gubar a kan kuka ba. An shayar da cakuda kuma ya taurare. A yin haka, ana iya amfani dashi.
9. Filaye
A farkon shekarun 1900, ana amfani da shellac a matsayin abu mai tsabta. Wannan samfurin halitta ne da aka yi daga resin, wadda aka tsutsotsi da tsutsotsi daga kudu maso gabashin. Saboda haka ne, Leo Hendrik Bakeland ya ce zai iya samun wadata idan ya zo da wata hanya mai mahimmanci. Amma, abin da ya zo tare da shi ne filastik, wanda, a ƙarƙashin rinjayar yanayin zafi, bai canza kayansa ba. Har yanzu wannan abu ya zama sananne kuma ya sami sunan Bakelite.
10. Radioactivity
A 1896, masanin kimiyya Henri Becquerel ya gudanar da bincike kan luminescence da x-haskoki. Binciken phosphorescence a cikin salts uranium, Henry yana buƙatar hasken rana mai haske. Amma a wannan rana a cikin birnin Paris ne lokacin girgiza. Bayan haka masanin kimiyya ya rufe gishiri uranium a takarda baki kuma ya sanya shi a cikin akwati a kan farantin hoto. Bayan mako guda sai ya koma ya ci gaba da binciken. Amma, yana nuna fim ɗin, sai ya ga gishiri a kan takarda, wanda ya bayyana a can ba tare da tasirin haske ba.
11. Mawein Dye
Dye mai wucin gadi ya bayyana ne saboda gwajin da ba a samu nasara ba, mai shekaru 18 mai suna William Perkin, wanda ke ƙoƙarin yin maganin cutar malaria. Amma gazawar masanin kimiyya ya juya duniya gaba daya. A shekara ta 1856, William ya lura cewa gwajinsa, ko kuma turh mash, ya zana kofin a cikin launi mai kyau. Saboda haka, akwai dye na farko na duniya, wanda ake kira Mowein.
12. Pacemaker
Greatbatch Wilson yayi aiki akan samar da na'urar da zai iya rikodin zuciyar mutum. Amma a lokacin gwajin, ya sanya shi cikin bazata cikin tsarin ba shine tsayayya ba. A sakamakon haka, na'urar ta daidaita simintin zuciya. Sabili da haka akwai mai samin bugun zuciya na farko.
13. Takardun takarda
A shekarar 1968, Spencer Silver yayi ƙoƙari ya ƙirƙira maɗaura mai karfi don ƙuƙwalwar Scotch, amma ya zo a kan wani kayan da ke da kayan haɓaka, amma idan ana so a sauƙaƙe ba tare da barin hanyoyi ba. Bayan da yawa kokarin da aka samu don amfani da wannan manne, abokin aikin Silver, Art Fry ya gane cewa manne za a iya amfani dashi don takardun takarda - alamu.
14. Microwaves
Dukan mutane a duniyar duniyar ya kamata su gode wa masanin injuntar ruwa na Percy Spencer don gano kayan inganci wanda muke amfani da ita a cikin tanda na lantarki. Percy ya yi aiki tare da na'urorin microwave lokacin da ya lura da gangan cewa katako bar a cikin aljihu ya fara narkewa. Kuma tun 1945, babu wani a duniya da ya san matsalolin da zafin abinci.
15. Slinky - mai ba da labari
A 1943, injin injin jirgin ruwan Amurka Richard James yayi gwagwarmaya da marmaro, yana ƙoƙari ya ƙirƙira kayan aiki don jirgin. Ya ba da izinin barin kayan da aka juya a ƙasa. Kuma waya ta yi tsalle kuma ta yi tsalle. Tun daga nan, akwai sha'awar gaske a wannan wasa, wanda kowa yake so: duka manya da yara.
16. Yara Firayi na yara
Ɗaya daga cikin wasanni masu ƙauna mafi ƙauna ya bayyana ta hanyar tsabta. Da farko dai, wani abu mai banƙyama mai banƙyama ya kasance ba kome ba ne sai dai mai tsabta. Duk da haka, a farkon karni na 20, mutane sun dakatar da amfani da ciwon ciwon wuta don gidajen dakuna, wanda ke nufin cewa fuskar bangon waya ta kasance mai tsabta sosai. Amma, abin farin ciki, ɗan mai kirkiro mai cin gashin hankali, Cleo McQuicker, ya gano cewa daga wannan taro za ku iya zana siffofin daban-daban.
17. Lokacin haɓaka
A yayin aiwatar da ruwan tabarau na filastik don dubawa, Harry Kuver, wani mai bincike a dakin Kodak, ya zo ne a kan gwanin da aka yi daga cyanoacrylate. Amma a wannan lokacin, Harry ya ki yarda da wannan binciken saboda girman kullun. Bayan 'yan shekaru baya, an gano wannan abu kuma ya bayyana a kasuwa a matsayin sananne "super manne".
18. Ƙaddamar da shi
Masanin injiniyan Ingila, George de Mestral, yana neman farautarsa tare da kare shi lokacin da ya lura cewa burbushin ya kasance mai tsalle a kan gashin abokinsa hudu. A ƙarshe, ya gudanar da yin amfani da irin wannan abu a dakin gwaje-gwaje. Amma ƙirar ta ba ta da rinjaye har sai NASA ta gane shi.
19. Rashin rayuka X-ray
A 1895, William Roentgen, a lokacin gwajin gwagwarmayar raye-raye, ganowar bazata cewa radiation na tube na rayukan cathode yana wucewa ta hanyar abubuwa masu karfi, yana barin bayan inuwa. Abin sani kawai shi ne cewa hasken hasken ya wuce daidai ta wurin raga.
20. Gilashin da ba dama ba
Masanin kare lafiyar Faransa Edward Benedict ya bace kullun a bango, amma ba ta karya ba, amma kawai ya fashe. Abin mamaki, Edward ya yanke shawarar nazarin walƙiya sosai kuma ya gano cewa ƙwayoyin cellulose da ke kunshe a cikin flask kafin wannan ya sanya gilashi karfi. Don haka akwai gilashi mai haske.
21. Cakon masara
Lokacin da Waite Kate Kellogg ya taimaki dan'uwansa ya shirya abinci ga marasa lafiya a asibiti, ya gano cewa ba a san cewa kullu ba, ya bar shi har tsawon sa'o'i, ya canza kayansa. Kuma sai Waite ya yanke shawarar ganin abin da zai faru idan ya dafa irin abincin da aka yi a bankin. Ko da yake ba a san ainihin abin da ya faru a sakamakon wannan gwaji ba, amma tarihin bayyanar furanni na farko shine daidai wannan.
22. Dynamite
Kada kuyi tunanin cewa mutane kwanan nan sunyi koyi da wani abu. Domin shekaru da yawa mutane sun yi amfani da nitroglycerin da guntu, wanda, duk da haka, suka sãɓã a cikin rashin zaman lafiya na dukiya. Da zarar Alfred Nobel yayi aiki a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje tare da nitroglycerin kuma ya bazuwa da gangan daga hannayensa. Amma fashewar ba ta bi ba, kuma Nobel na da rai, ba tare da samun ciwo ba. Kamar yadda ya fito daga baya, abu ya fadi a kan bishiyoyi na itace, wanda ke shayar da nitroglycerin a cikin kansa. Saboda haka an kammala cewa nitroglycerin lokacin da aka hade shi da wani abu mai yawa ya zama barga.
23. Anesthesia
Yana da wuya a ce wanda ya shiga cikin ƙirar rigakafi, amma duk da haka kowa zai iya godewa wannan binciken na Crawford Long, William Morton da Charles Jackson. Su ne wadanda suka fara gano magungunan analgesic mai ban sha'awa na kwayoyi daban-daban, irin su nitrous oxide ko gay gas.
24. Bakin karfe
A yau, ba zamu wakilci rayuwarmu ba tare da cutlery, wanda kirkirar masanin Ingila Harry Briarli ya kirkiro shi. Harry ya halicci ganga na bindiga, wanda ba shi da tsatsa. Ba da da ewa ba, masanin sun gwada 'ya'yansa tare da abubuwa masu yawa. Da zarar ya gwada ruwan 'ya'yan lemun tsami a kansa, Harry ya gane cewa karfe zai zama abin kyawun kayan cutlery.
25. Penicillin
Yin nazarin staphylococci, Alexander Fleming ya kara da kwayoyin cutar zuwa Petri kafin ya bar hutu ya bar su. Bayan ya dawo daga hutu, sai Fleming ya sa ran ganin ginin kwayoyin cutar, amma, don mamaki, sai ya ga can kawai. Bayan binciken, masanin kimiyya ya gano cewa samfurin mold ya hana karuwar staphylococci, don haka ya buɗe kwayoyin farko na duniya.