Harkokin rayuwa shine tsarin ra'ayi game da mutum. Bincike don amsoshi ga manyan tambayoyi a rayuwa, me ma'anarsa, me yasa, abin da kuma yadda za a yi, ba ya daina. Tun zamanin d ¯ a, zukatan masana falsafa sun fahimci wannan. Yawancin darussan da aka kafa, amma mutane suna tambayar kansu waɗannan tambayoyin.
Mene ne falsafar rayuwa?
Manufar "falsafar rayuwa" tana da ma'anoni guda biyu:
- Falsafar mutum, a tsakiyar wanda shine mafita ga tambayoyin da suka kasance game da yanayin mutum.
- Jagoran falsafa, wanda aka haife shi a Jamus a cikin rabin rabin karni na XIX a matsayin wani abin da ya dace da tunani. Babban wakilai:
- Wilhelm Dilthey;
- Henri Bergson;
- Pierre Ado;
- Friedrich Nietzsche;
- Georg Simmel;
- Arthur Schopenhauer.
Manufar rayuwa a falsafar
Bayanin rayuwa a cikin falsafancin tunanin mutane masu yawa sun shafe su. Kalmar kanta kanta tana da yawa kuma ana iya gani daga maki daban-daban:
- nazarin halittu (azaman wanzuwar kwayoyin halitta);
- hankali (a matsayin nau'i na kasancewar sani);
- al'adu-tarihin (azaman wanzuwar ɗan adam).
Falsafa na rayuwa - ra'ayoyi na asali
Falsafar rayuwa ta haɓaka cikin kanta da hanyoyi daban-daban da ke tattare da ra'ayoyi ɗaya. Ya tashi ne a matsayin abin da ya dace da hadisin falsafancin zamani, wanda aka tsara ta hanyar tunani. Manufar falsafar rayuwa shine cewa kasancewa shine farkon tsarin, kuma ta hanyarsa ne wanda zai iya fahimtar wani abu. Duk hanyoyin kirkira na duniya - a baya. An maye gurbinsu da marasa biyayya. Feel, ilmantarwa, bangaskiya su ne ainihin kayan aikin fahimtar gaskiya.
Rashin daidaituwa da falsafar rayuwa
Rashin daidaituwa ya danganta ne akan bambancin da ke tattare da kwarewar ɗan adam, muhimmancin ilmantarwa da kuma jin dadi, kamar yadda ya saba da fasaha mai hankali. Ya, kamar son zuciya a cikin wallafe-wallafe, ya zama abin da ya dace da tunani. An nuna shi a tarihin tarihi da kuma ra'ayi na Wilhelm Dilthey. A gare shi, duk ilimin ya kasance ne saboda hangen nesa na tarihi, don haka ya nuna muhimmancin 'yan Adam.
Johann Georg Gaman, masanin kimiyyar Jamus, ya ƙi tsarin tunani, ya nemi gaskiyar cikin jin dadi da bangaskiya. Tabbatar da kanka shi ne babban maƙasudin gaskiya. Abokinsa game da wallafe-wallafen "Balagi da Rubuce-tafiye" Friedrich Jacobi ya ƙarfafa amincewa da tsabta ta bangaskiya ta hanyar ilimin ilimi.
Friedrich Schelling da Henri Bergson, sun damu game da bambancin yanayin ɗan adam, sun juya zuwa ga intuitivism, wanda "yake ganin abubuwa marar ganuwa ga kimiyya." Tunanin da kansa ba a soke shi ba, ya rasa babban rawar. Instinct shine injiniyar da ke ƙarƙashin rayuwa. Kwananci, wanzuwar wanzuwarsa, rashin daidaituwa shine rayuwar falsafa wanda ke fadada ra'ayi na rayuwar mutum da tunani.
Ma'anar rayuwar mutum shine falsafanci
Matsalar ma'anar rayuwa a cikin falsafanci ya kasance kuma ya kasance mai dacewa. Amsoshin tambayoyi game da ma'anar rayuwa da kuma abin da masana falsafanci ke amfani da shi a hanyoyi daban-daban don ƙarni:
- Tsohon masana falsafanci sunyi baki guda a cikin ra'ayi cewa ainihin rayuwar bil'adama shine ke bin kyakkyawan farin ciki, farin ciki. Don Socrates, farin ciki yana daidai da kammalawar ran. Ga Aristotle - tsarin aikin mutum. Kuma ainihin mutum shine ransa. Ayyukan ruhaniya, tunani da cognition kai ga farin ciki. Epicurus ya ga ma'anar (farin ciki) cikin jin dadi, wanda bai wakilci ba a matsayin jin dadi, amma saboda rashin tsoro, wahala ta jiki da ruhaniya.
- A tsakiyar zamanai a Turai, fahimtar ma'anar rayuwa an danganta da al'ada, addinai da kuma dabi'un koli. A nan akwai kama da falsafar rayuwa a Indiya, inda maimaita rayuwar kakanni, adana halin aji yana da mahimmanci.
- Falsafa na ƙarni na XIX-XX sun yi imani cewa rayuwar mutum bata da ma'ana. Schopenhauer yayi ikirarin cewa dukkan addinai da falsafancin falsafa kawai suna ƙoƙarin neman ma'anar da kuma yin rayuwa mai ma'ana. Wadanda ke da muhimmanci, Sartre, Heidegger, Camus, sun daidaita rayuwa tare da rashin kuskure, kuma mutum kawai zai iya yin tunani game da ayyukansa da zabi.
- Ka'idoji na yau da kullum da haɓakawa na zamani sun tabbatar da cewa rayuwa ta sami wannan ma'ana, wanda yake da muhimmanci ga mutum a cikin tsarin gaskiyarsa. Yana iya zama wani abu - nasarori, aiki, iyali, fasaha, tafiya. Abin da wani mutum yake daraja rayuwarsa kuma yana nema. Wannan falsafar rayuwa tana kusa da mutane da yawa.
Falsafar rayuwa da mutuwa
Matsalar rayuwa da mutuwa a cikin falsafanci shine ɗaya daga maɓallin. Mutuwa sakamakon sakamakon rayuwa. Mutum kamar yadda kwayoyin halittu ke rayuwa ne, amma ba kamar sauran dabbobin ba, ya fahimci mutuwarsa. Wannan ya sa shi yayi tunani akan ma'anar rayuwa da mutuwa. Dukkanin ilmin falsafanci zasu iya raba su kashi biyu:
- Babu rai bayan mutuwa . Bayan mutuwa, babu wani, tare da jikin mutum, ransa, saninsa, ya ɓace.
- Rayuwa bayan mutuwa shine . Tsarin addini ne na rayuwa, rayuwa a duniya shiri ne ga wani bayan rayuwa ko sakewa.
Littattafai game da falsafar rayuwar rayuwa don ci gaba
Fiction zai iya zama kyakkyawan mabuɗin falsafar falsafa. Ba kawai kimiyya ko litattafan kimiyya ba ne, waɗanda masana falsafa suka rubuta, gabatar da sababbin ra'ayoyi na falsafa da kuma ba da gudummawa ga cigaban ruhaniya . Littattafai guda biyar da aka gabatar da falsafar rayuwar mutum:
- "A waje" . Albert Camus. Littafin shi ne fiction, a cikinsa marubucin ya gudanar da tunani game da ainihin ra'ayoyin wanzuwar wanzu, har ma fiye da magungunan falsafa.
- Siddhartha . Hermann Hesse. Wannan littafi zai kawo tunaninku daga damuwa game da makomar zuwa tunani game da kyawawan abubuwan da suke ciki yanzu.
- "Hoton Dorian Grey" . Oscar Wilde. Babban littafi game da haɗarin da ke tattare da girman kai da girman kai, a cikinsa mai karatu zai sami ra'ayi mai yawa da kuma bincike na rayayye.
- "Wannan shi ne abin da Zarathustra ya ce . " Friedrich Nietzsche. Nietzsche ya gina ɗaya daga cikin falsafancin da suka fi asali a cikin tarihi. Har yanzu ra'ayoyinsa suna aika da raƙuman girgiza ta hanyar al'umman Kirista. Yawancin mutane sun ƙi ma'anar Nietzsche cewa "Allah ya mutu," amma a cikin wannan aikin Nietzsche ya bayyana wannan bayani da muryoyin ban sha'awa game da rayuwa a duniya.
- "Canji . " Franz Kafka. Da zarar tada, jarumin labarin ya gano cewa ya zama babban kwari ...
Films game da falsafar rayuwa
Masu jagoran sun juya cikin zane-zane a kan batun rayuwar mutum. Films game da falsafar rayuwa, wanda zai sa ka yi tunani:
- «Tree of Life» . Farfesa Terrence Malick. Wannan fina-finai ya kawo miliyoyin tambayoyi game da ma'anar rayuwa, matsalar matsalar mutum.
- "Hasken Haske na Rayuwa marar hankali . " Hoton Michel Gondry, wanda aka fitar a kan fuska a shekara ta 2004, shine irin koyarwar falsafa game da yadda za a yi rayuwarka, yin kuskure kuma kada ka manta game da su.
- Fountain . Wani fim mai ban sha'awa daga Darren Aranofsky zai nuna sabon fassarori na gaskiya.