Babban shahararrun aikin fasaha na FM Dostoevsky "Laifi da Kisa" shine tarihin wani dalibi wanda ya yanke shawara akan mummunar laifi. A cikin littafi, marubucin ya shafi wasu tambayoyin zamantakewar zamantakewa, da tunani da kuma falsafar da suka dace da al'ummar zamani. Ka'idar Raskolnikov ta nuna kanta shekaru da dama.
Menene ka'idar Raskolnikov?
Mahalarta, saboda tsayin daka da yawa, ya tabbata cewa mutane sun kasu kashi biyu. Na farko shi ne mutanen da za su iya yin duk abin da suke so ba tare da kula da doka ba. Ga rukuni na biyu, ya haɗa mutane ba tare da hakkoki ba, waɗanda ba za a manta da rayukansu ba. Wannan shine ainihin ka'idar ka'idar Raskolnikov, wadda ke da mahimmanci ga al'ummar zamani. Mutane da yawa sunyi la'akari da kansu suna da daraja ga wasu, karya dokokin kuma yin duk abin da suke so. A cikin misalin, zaka iya kawo manyan.
Da farko dai, mai tsinkayar aikin ya fahimci ka'idarsa a matsayin abin dariya, amma ya fi tunaninsa game da shi, mafi mahimmanci ra'ayoyin sun yi kama. A sakamakon haka, ya rarraba dukan mutane da ke kewaye da shi a cikin jinsunan kuma an kiyasta kawai bisa ga ka'idoji. Masanan kimiyya sun riga sun tabbatar da cewa mutum zai iya shawo kan kansa daga abubuwa daban-daban, yana tunanin su akai-akai. Ka'idodin Raskolnikov shine bayyanar rashin daidaituwa.
Dalilin da ya sa aka tsara ka'idar Raskolnikov
Ba wai kawai masoyan wallafe-wallafen ba, har ma masu sana'a a wasu fannoni, yi nazarin aikin Dostoevsky don nazari akan ka'idodin zamantakewa da falsafa na ka'idar Raskolnikov.
- Don dalilai na halin kirki wanda ya sa jarumin ya aikata wani laifi, wanda zai iya hada da sha'awar fahimtar wane nau'i na mutanen da yake da shi da kuma jinƙai ga matalautan ƙasƙanci.
- Akwai wasu dalilai na bayyanar ka'idar Raskolnikov: matsananciyar talauci, batun rashin adalci na rayuwa da kuma asarar kansa.
Yaya Raskolnikov ya zo ka'idarsa?
Babban hali a cikin dukan littafin yana ƙoƙari ya fahimci abin da ya haifar da mummunar aiki. Ka'idar wani hali mai karfi Raskolnikov ya tabbatar da cewa don mafi yawan mutane suyi rayuwa da farin ciki, dole ne a hallaka masu rinjaye. A sakamakon kwanciyar hankali da la'akari da yanayi daban-daban, Rodion ya yanke shawarar cewa yana cikin mafi yawan mutane. Masu ƙaunar wallafe-wallafe sun gabatar da dalilai da yawa waɗanda suka sa shi ya aikata laifi:
- tasiri na yanayi da mutane;
- marmarin yin girma;
- da sha'awar samun kudi;
- rashin son wani tsohuwa tsohuwar mace;
- so ku gwada ka'idar ku.
Mene ne ka'idodin Raskolnikov ya kawo wa marasa lafiya?
Marubucin lalata da azabtarwa yana so a cikin littafinsa don nuna wahalar da wahala ga dukan bil'adama. Kusan kowane shafi na wannan littafi yana da talauci talauci, haushi da hawan mutane. A gaskiya, littafin nan, wanda aka buga a 1866, yana da yawa a cikin al'ada tare da al'ummomin zamani, wanda ya ƙara nuna rashin nuna bambanci ga makwabcin. Ka'idar Rodion Raskolnikov ta tabbatar da kasancewar mutane mara kyau wadanda ba su da damar yin rayuwa mai kyau, da kuma wadanda ake kira "shugabanni na rayuwa" tare da babban jakar.
Menene rikicewar ka'idar Raskolnikov?
Hoton mai gabatarwa ya ƙunshi wasu rashin daidaituwa waɗanda za a iya gano a ko'ina cikin aikin. Raskolnikov mutum ne mai hankali wanda ba shi da wata hanya ga baƙin cikin wasu, kuma yana so ya taimaka wa waɗanda ke bukata, amma Rodion ya fahimci cewa ba zai iya canza hanyoyin rayuwa ba. Duk da haka, ya ba da ka'idar da ta saba wa ka'idojin rayuwa .
Gano abin da kuskurer ka'idar Raskolnikov ta kasance ga jarumi, yana da daraja a lura da gaskiyar cewa yana tsammanin zata taimaka wajen warware matsalar da zai iya fara rayuwa. A wannan yanayin, jarumi ya sami cikakkiyar sakamako, kuma ya kasance cikin yanayin da ba shi da wata damuwa. Rodion yana ƙaunar mutane, amma bayan kisan tsohon tsohuwar mace, ba zai iya kasancewa tare da su ba, wannan ya shafi mahaifiyar. Duk waɗannan rikice-rikice sun nuna rashin daidaituwa na ka'idar ta ci gaba.
Menene hatsarin ka'idar Raskolnikov?
Idan muka ɗauka cewa ra'ayin Dostoevsky ya gabatar ta hanyar tunanin mai cin gashin kai ya zama babban ma'auni, sakamakon da jama'a da duniya baki daya suna da matukar damuwa. Maganar ka'idar Raskolnikov ita ce, mutane da suka fi dacewa da wasu ka'idoji, misali, damar kudi, zasu iya "share" hanya don amfanin kansu, yin duk abin da suke so, ciki har da kisan kai. Idan mutane da yawa sunyi rayuwa a kan wannan ka'ida, duniya za ta daina wanzuwa, nan take ko kuma daga baya, wadanda ake kira "masu gwagwarmaya" zasu hallaka juna.
A cikin tarihin, Rodion na fuskantar matsalolin halin kirki, wanda sau da yawa yakan ɗauki siffofin daban-daban. Ka'idar Raskolnikov mai hatsari ne saboda jarumi yayi ƙoƙarin tabbatar da kansa cewa aikinsa daidai ne, saboda yana son taimakawa iyalinsa, amma don kansa ba ya son kome. Mutane da yawa suna aikata laifuka, suna tunanin haka, wannan ba ya tabbatar da yanke shawara.
Sharuɗɗa da fursunoni na ka'idar Raskolnikov
Da farko, yana iya zama alama cewa babu wani bangare mai kyau ga ra'ayin rarraba al'umma, amma idan duk wani mummunar sakamakon da aka yashe, to, har yanzu akwai - sha'awar mutum ya yi farin ciki. Dokar Raskolnikov na haƙƙin halayyar kirki ya nuna cewa mutane da yawa suna ƙoƙari don rayuwa mai kyau kuma su ne masanin cigaba. Amma ga wadanda ake yin amfani da su, akwai mafi yawan su, kuma suna da muhimmanci ga mutanen da suka raba ra'ayoyin mai gabatarwa na littafin.
- Bukatar raba duka a cikin nau'i biyu, wanda zai iya haifar da mummunan sakamako, alal misali, irin waɗannan wakilci sun kasance kamar Nazism. Duk mutane sun bambanta, amma suna daidai ne a gaban Allah, sabili da haka sha'awar zama mafi girma fiye da wasu ba daidai ba ne.
- Wani hatsari da ka'idar Raskolnikov ke kawowa duniya shine amfani da kowace hanyar rayuwa. Abin takaici, mutane da yawa a cikin zamani na zamani suna rayuwa ne ta hanyar "ƙarshen ya tabbatar da ma'anar", wanda ke haifar da mummunan sakamako.
Menene ya hana Raskolnikov daga rayuwa bisa ka'idarsa?
Dukan matsala ta ta'allaka ne da cewa ƙirƙirar kansa a "hoto mai kyau" Rodion bai kula da siffofin rayuwa na ainihi ba. Ba za ku iya yin duniya ta hanyar kashe wani mutum, komai ko wane ne shi ba. Dalilin ka'idar Raskolnikov ya fahimta, amma ba a la'akari da cewa tsohuwar tsohuwar mace ita ce farkon haɗin kai a cikin rashin adalci, kuma cire shi, ba zai iya yiwuwa a magance matsalolin duniya ba. Mutanen da suke ƙoƙari su kashe kuɗi a kan mummunan wasu mutane ba daidai ba ne su kira tushen wannan matsala, saboda su ne kawai sakamakon.
Facts tabbatar da ka'idar Raskolnikov
A cikin duniya, zaku iya samun misalai masu yawa inda aka yi amfani da ra'ayin da mai gabatarwa na littafin ya tsara. Kuna iya tunawa da Stalin da Hitler, wadanda suka nemi ya tsarkake mutanen da basu cancanta ba, da abin da ayyukan wadannan mutane suka jagoranci. Tabbatar da ka'idar Raskolnikov za a iya gani a cikin halin matasa masu arziki, wanda ake kira "majors", wadanda, ba su kula da dokokin ba, sun lalata rayuwar mutane da yawa. Gwarzo ɗaya, don tabbatar da ra'ayinsa, yayi kisan kai, amma a ƙarshe ya fahimci mummunan aikin.
Ka'idar Raskolnikov da rushewa
Ayyuka ba wai kawai ya bayyana ba, amma har gaba ɗaya yana musguna batun bambance-bambance. Don canza shawararsa, Rodion dole ne ya jimre wa matsalolin tunanin mutum da na jiki. Ka'idar Raskolnikov da rushewar ya faru bayan ya ga mafarki, inda mutane suka hallaka juna da kuma duniya bace. Sa'an nan kuma ya fara sannu a hankali ya dawo da bangaskiya cikin mai kyau. A ƙarshe, ya fahimci cewa kowa da kowa, ko da kuwa halin da suke ciki, ya cancanci zama mai farin ciki.
Yayinda yake bayanin yadda ka'idodin Raskolnikov ya ƙi, ya dace ya yi bayanin gaskiya mai sauƙi: ba za a iya gina farin ciki akan aikata laifuka ba. Rikicin, koda kuwa yana yiwuwa ya tabbatar da shi da duk wani matsayi mai kyau, mugunta ce. Gwarzo ya yarda da cewa bai kashe wani tsohuwa ba, amma ya hallaka kansa. Rushewar ka'idar Raskolnikov ta kasance a bayyane har ma a farkon shirinta, tun da ba zai yiwu ya tabbatar da nuna rashin jin daɗi ba.
Shin ka'idar Raskolnikov ta raye a yau?
Duk da haka bakin ciki yana iya sauti, ra'ayi na rarraba mutane a cikin ajizai sun wanzu. Rayuwa ta zamani yana da wuyar gaske kuma ka'idodin "mai karfi mafi karfi" yana tilastawa mutane da yawa su aikata ayyukan da basu dace da halin kirki ba . Idan ka gudanar da bincike, wanda ke zaune a yau bisa ka'idar Raskolnikov, to, kowane mutum, mafi yawancin, zai iya haifar da misalin wasu mutane daga yanayinsa. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan dalilai na wannan yanayin shine muhimmancin kuɗin da yake mallakar duniya.