Gudanarwa a pedagogy da tunani - ka'idoji da dokoki

Ana buƙatar kwarewar tasiri da taimako a sassa daban-daban na al'umma: a matakin jihar, kamfanoni, da kuma mutum ɗaya. Gudanarwa shine kayan aikin da zai taimaka wajen magance matsaloli da ayyuka, don fita daga rikicin kuma aika mutum ko ƙungiyar mutane zuwa sabon canji.

Gudanarwa - menene?

Abinda ke gudanarwa ya hada da tasirin tasiri kamar rukuni na rukuni, da na sirri. Gudanar da hankali shine fasaha marar jagoranci na shugabanci da taimakon da ke amfani da shi a tashar tasirinsa, kayan aiki na dabarun da kuma hanyoyin da zasu taimaka wa mutum ko kuma haɗin kai don samun mafita mafi kyau don cimma nasarar da aka cimma.

Mai gudanarwa wane ne?

Halin mai gudanarwa yana cikin kayan aiki mai iko mai tasiri. Mai gudanarwa ne mai horo wanda ya horar da shi sosai a cikin fasahar sadarwa mai kyau kuma yana jagorantar hanyar gudanarwa. An kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Gudanar da Ƙungiya ta Duniya a shekara ta 1989 kuma tana da ≈ 1,300 daga kasashe 63 - dukkanin waɗannan masanan ne a mafi girman matakin, yin shawarwari da hadin gwiwa a wasu fannoni. Tony Mann ne mai jagoranci mai kulawa kan gudanarwa, yana nuna hali na mai gudanarwa tare da ƙwarewa masu zuwa:

• zai iya tsara da tsara tsarin tattaunawa a hanya mai kyau;
• Ya bambanta mafitacin nasara daga ga alama, da farko kallon, nasara, amma tare da "ɓoye" mafita;
• yana da hadari, ba ya jin tsoron barin yankin ta'aziyya don ƙirƙirar sabuwar fasahar da kuma daidaita shi zuwa halin da ake ciki yanzu;
• ya san yadda za a gudanar da wasu kungiyoyi;
• fuskantarwa a cikin dukkan nau'i na tattaunawa da tarurruka;
• haɗu da kayan aiki daban-daban da kuma hanyoyin da za su sami mafita;
• da sauri amsa ga matsalolin da suka auku a tsakanin mahalarta da kuma gabatar da hanyar warwarewa;
• yana da ƙarfin damuwa ;
• Ko yaushe yana buɗewa ga mutane da canje-canje na sirri.

Ta yaya daidaitawa ya bambanta da gyare-gyare?

Akwai ra'ayoyin ra'ayi daban-daban game da hanyoyin gudanarwa da gyare-gyare. Wasu masana sunyi iƙirarin cewa sauƙaƙe da daidaitattun abubuwa - ainihin ma'anar tsari ne, yana bayyana cewa ƙayyadaddun kalma ce ta asalin Jamus, yana kwatanta ayyuka iri ɗaya kamar gudanarwa. Wasu masana masana'antu na ganin waɗannan matakai kamar irin su, suna cike juna, amma tare da bambance-bambance:

1. Matsayi (don hanawa, riƙe) ita ce fasaha mafi mahimmanci: haɓakawa yana faruwa a cikin wani tsari mai kyau na tattaunawa, ba tare da yiwuwar gurɓatawa ga wani batun ba.
2. Gudanarwa yana da fasaha mai sauƙi wanda yayi amfani da matsakaicin matsayin ɗayan kayan aiki. A cikin tsari, ana amfani da kayayyakin kayan aiki daban don nuna su (hangen nesa): Lego masu zane-zane, hotunan, zane. Masu shiga suna da 'yanci don zaɓar batutuwa kuma zasu iya motsawa da yin hulɗa akan batutuwa daban-daban a wasu kungiyoyi.
3. Za'a iya amfani da matsakaici kamar yadda fasaha a tsarin tsarin: "tattaunawa kan matsalar", haɗuwa da kai.
4. Gudanarwa yana dacewa don magance matsalolin rikice-rikicen, ƙaddamar da sababbin hanyoyin warware matsalar, yayin gabatar da sababbin fasaha.

Ayyukan zamantakewa da kuma hanawa

Abubuwa biyu na zamantakewar zamantakewa, gudanarwa da kuma hanawa, za'a iya kiyaye su a lokaci daya a cikin ƙungiyar mutanen da suka sami kansu a cikin halin da ake ciki da kuma yanayin da suka dace. Hanawa yana nuna rashin aiki na mutumin da ya zo ƙarƙashin kulawa da mutane waje, ya bambanta da kayan aiki, lokacin da masu lura da ido suka kasance suna haɓaka aiki tsakanin 'yan kungiyar da suka shiga wani nau'i na kasuwanci. Me yasa wannan ko wannan tasiri ya fito, D. Myers (masanin kimiyya na Amirka) ya bayyana dalilai da yawa:

1. Matsayin - mummunan sa haifar da hanawa , mai kyau yana ƙarfafa gudanarwa.
2. Tsoron gwagwarmaya - kasancewar baƙi, ko wanda ba'a damu da ra'ayoyinsa ba zai iya ƙaruwa da kuma ayyukan wasu mahalarta, amma kuma ya haifar da dakatar da ƙwarewa a wasu.
3. Masu wakiltar jima'i a cikin masu saurare - mata da maza zasu iya fara yin kuskuren ayyuka masu wuya idan akwai masu kallo na jinsi daya a cikin masu sauraro. A cikin abin da ake gudanarwa, hanyoyin da ke aiki suna inganta a akasin haka.

Ta'idodin zamantakewa da lalata

Hanyoyin gudanarwa a cikin aiki na haɓaka haɗaka, idan an san kuma an kimanta wani ɓangare na gudummawar kowane ɗan takara a cikin mawuyacin hali. Laziness na zamantakewa abu ne na farko wanda Farfesa Faransanci yayi nazarin shi a fagen agroengineering M. Ringelman. Masanin kimiyya ya gudanar da gwaje-gwajen da yawa game da yaki da yunkurin daukar nauyin nauyi - ya zo ga ƙarshe: da karin ƙungiyar mutane, ƙananan ƙungiyar ba su da ƙarfin aiki. Akwai shakatawa da raguwar alhaki da dalili - sakamakon laziness.

Saurin gudanarwa

Gudanarwa a matsayin hanya mai taimako yana buƙata a wurare da yawa na ayyukan ɗan adam kuma an rarraba cikin jinsuna:

1. Ayyukan zamantakewa shine kallo da kuma nazarin ayyukan mutane a gaban masu kallo na waje.
2. Gudanarwar koyarwa ta hanyar kirkiro ne wata hanyar da ta fito daga irin waɗannan wurare kamar yadda K. Rogers ke yi wa abokin ciniki tunani da kuma ilimin halin kirki. Gudanar da hankali a cikin ilimin halayyar mutum shine tsari mai juyayi, wanda dangantakar da ke tsakanin mutum da duniya ta kasance muhimmiyar mahimmanci. Ayyuka na gudanarwa a aikin ma'aikacin ilimin psychologist don taimakawa lokacin da za a fara tsarin sauyawa ga mutum, don inganta ci gaba da sauya ra'ayin abokin ciniki na duniya don ƙarin amfani.
3. Tallan tallace-tallace shine hulɗar da sadarwa ta mutum tare da yanayin.
4. Ta'idodin wasanni - goyon baya ga 'yan wasa ko' yan wasa daya don inganta tasirin su.
5. Gudanar da aikin haɓaka - ƙaddamar da damar da yaron yake.

Dokokin Gudanarwa

Gudanarwa a cikin aiki na sirri da na sirri yana nuna amfani da ka'idodin da suka danganci manufofin da manufofin. Babban manufofin mai gudanarwa:

• da nazarin tsari kamar yadda ya saba da kwarewa;
• fahimta da gaskiya ga mutane;
• duk mahalarta a cikin tsari sun daidaita;
• kowane ra'ayi yana da mahimmanci;
• dukkan mutane suna da hankali, kuma zasu iya magance matsaloli.

Gudanar da kayan aiki

Ayyuka na kayan gyaran kayan aiki suna da yawa kuma aikace-aikacen su ya dogara da girman girman rukuni da abun ciki na mahalarta. Bayanan dabarun gudanarwa:

1. "Binciken Bincike" - amfani da hanyar ita ce ta taimaka wajen hada dukan kamfanin a cikin aikin har zuwa ma'aikata. Ana gudanar da shi a tsarin tsarin taro.
2. "Kashewa / Ayyuka" - dabara ta samar da hanzari na kamfanin, ci gaba da sababbin abubuwa, al'adu. Ya zama - tattaunawa na budewa na manajoji da ma'aikata game da manufofin da manufofin. Aiwatar da mafi kyawun ayyuka a aikace.
3. "Brainstorming" - akwai tarin dukkan ra'ayoyi ba tare da jingina cikin "mummunan" da "mai kyau" ba. Manufar ita ce gano "sabo", rashin daidaituwa, amma tasiri.
4. "Faɗakarwa da ra'ayi" ita ce hanyar da za ta taimaka wajen ƙayyade tunanin da ba da fata ba game da halin da ake ciki. Mai gudanarwa ya raba mahalarta a cikin "masu tsammanin" da "masu tsinkaye". "Masu kwarewa" sun bayyana abin da kamfanin zai karɓa daga gabatarwar sabon fasaha, "masu kwanto" sun hango asarar da aka sa ran.
5. "Bude sararin samaniya" - yana ba da dama ga wani ɗan gajeren lokaci (1.5 - 2 hours) don tattara dukan ra'ayoyin da ra'ayoyin da suke ciki. Ana tambayar masu aiki da yawa tambayoyi game da batutuwa. Wani babban fasaha shine ma'anar haɗin kowane ma'aikaci a cikin matakan da ke faruwa a kamfanin.

Gudanarwa a Pedagogy

Ana iya bayyana tasiri na ayyukan zamantakewa a cikin makarantun ilimi. Malamin-mai gudanarwa, yayin da mutumin ya amsa duk bukatun zamani da kuma binciken da aka samu - don haka K.K Rogers yayi la'akari. An bayyana wani abu na gudanarwa a cikin aikin mai koyarwa a cikin wadannan abubuwa:

• yanayi na goyon baya na ɗaliban ɗaliban;
• sha'awa ga bukatun da bukatun dalibai;
• shirya tsarin ilimi;
• fahimtar cikin ciki na yara;
• iya bayyana bayyane akan abubuwan da suka faru.

Gudanarwa a kasuwanci

Abinda ke cikin zamantakewa na zamantakewa yana amfani da shi ta hanyar gudanarwa ta hanyar gudanarwa tarurruka, tarurruka, masu ɗorawa a kamfanoni da hukumomi. Gudanarwa a kasuwanci yana da nasarori masu kyau:

• ƙara inganta tasirin ma'aikata;
• kara ƙwarewar ma'aikatan;
• haɓaka ƙwarewar ma'aikata;
• ƙirƙirar sararin samaniya;
• gabatar da sababbin fasaha zuwa kasuwanci.

Gudanarwa a wasanni

Ka'idojin gudanarwa a wasan kwaikwayo na wasanni ya danganta ne a kan yanayin da 'yan wasa ko ƙungiya suke karkashin kulawa da yawan mutane. Makasudin kocin shine karfafawa da goyan bayan duk wani canji mai kyau wanda zai jagoranci 'yan wasa zuwa mafi kyawun alama kuma rage haɗarin hanawa. Gudanarwa a wasanni yana nufin:

• koyon yin wasa a cikin tawagar;
• ƙarfafa ruhu;
• ƙaddamar da ƙwarewa da alhakin sakamakon;
• hulɗar tasiri tsakanin mai koyar da 'yan wasa.

Gudanarwa - wallafe-wallafe

Gudanar da hankali shine fasaha da ake buƙata a cikin zamani na zamani wanda ya ƙunshi kayan aiki masu amfani ga masu ilimin psychologists, malamai, da manajan kamfanin. Litattafai akan gudanarwa:

1. "Harkokin hulda a tsakanin masu gudanarwa a cikin koyarwa" K.R. Rogers. Wanene mai gudanarwa a pedagogy - littafi guda ɗaya, mai amfani don karatu ga malamai.
2. "Juyawa Tattaunawa" Fl. Funch . Sakamakon sauki, amma tasiri don canji na sirri.
3. "Ayyukan sarrafawa na zamani" Fl. Funch . Littafin ya bayyana hanyoyin da zasu taimaka maka wajen tafiyar da canje-canje daga abokin ciniki.
4. "Yaya na zinariya, aiki tare da kungiyoyi." Gudanarwa a aikace "T. Kaiser . Hanyoyin da aka tsara a cikin jagorar zasu taimaka magoyacin kasuwanci don kawo rukuni zuwa sabon matakin tasiri.
5. "Social psychology" D. Myers . Harshen kimiyya, a cikin hanyar da za a iya bayyanawa, bayyana abubuwan da suka faru na zamantakewa da kuma abubuwan da suka faru: gudanarwa, hanawa da haɗari.