Kwace rana, yana zuwa dukkan maƙasudin iyaka da ƙididdiga, zamu yi amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na cognition: kallo, gwaji, haifuwa, cirewa, misalin, da dai sauransu.
Hanyar shigarwa da hagu
A zuciyar kowane nau'i na bincike yana da hanzari da hanyoyin haɓaka. Induction (tare da jagorancin Latin) shi ne sauyawa daga musamman zuwa ga kowa, kuma cirewa (daga asalin Latin) daga ainihin zuwa ga musamman. Tsarin hanyar haɓakawa ta fara ne tare da bincike, kwatanta bayanan kulawa, da maimaitawa wanda yawanci yakan kai ga haɗakarwa ta haɓakawa. Wannan tsarin yana dacewa a kusan dukkanin ayyukan aiki. Alal misali, zancen kotu, bisa dalilin da yake yanke shawara, wani misali mai kyau ne na tunani, wanda ya kasance a kan ainihin abubuwan da aka sani, an halicci duk wani ra'ayi kuma idan dukkanin gaskiyar sunyi daidai da zaton da kuma sakamakonsa, to, wannan zato ya zama gaskiya.
Akwai nau'i iri biyu:
- lokacin da ba zai yiwu a ɗauka duk wani laifi - irin wannan shigarwa ana kira ba a cika ba;
- a duk lokacin da zai yiwu, wanda yake da wuya - cikakke.
Bugu da ƙari, yin sauyawa daga masu zaman kansu zuwa ga kowa, ban da ƙaddamarwa, akwai misalin, ma'ana, hanyoyi don kafa dangantakar halayen, da sauransu.
Mene ne rago kuma a kan abin da ake nufi da hanyar cirewa?
Ragewa a rayuwarmu shine tunanin musamman na musamman, wanda, ta hanyar cirewa na gaskiya, ya dogara ne akan rabuwa na masu zaman kansu daga na kowa. Sabili da haka, ka'idar cirewa wani nau'i ne na ƙididdigar ma'ana, ɗayan da suke haɗawa da juna kuma suna kaiwa ga ƙarshe ƙarshe.
Alal misali, hanyar amfani da ilmin lissafin ilmin lissafin ilimin kimiyya ta amfani da shi a cikin tabbacin hujja a kimiyyar halitta: kimiyyar lissafi, ilmin lissafi, da dai sauransu. Duk da haka, cirewa yana da ma'ana mafi ma'ana, tun da tunanin tunani mai hankali shine ikon mutum yayi tunani a hankali, kuma a ƙarshe, ya zo ga ƙarshe marar iyaka. Saboda haka, baya ga yanayin kimiyya, hanya na tunani mara kyau yana da amfani sosai, ciki har da wasu ayyuka dabam-dabam.
A cikin ilimin halayyar kwakwalwa, ka'idodin hakar karatu yana nazarin cigaba da kuma cin zarafin hukunce-hukuncen da ba daidai ba. Kamar yadda dukkanin matakai na tunanin mutum suke, ana yin nazarin ilimin daga mafi girma ga mafi ƙanƙantaccen ma'anar ta hanyar tsarin tsarin tunani a gaba daya. Psychology yayi hulɗar da bincike na cirewa, a matsayin tsari na tunanin mutum da kuma samuwa a cikin tsarin ci gaban mutum.
Babu shakka, misali mafi mahimmanci na hagu shine tunani na jarumi mai suna Sherlock Holmes. Shi, ya zama tushen asalin (laifi tare da dukan masu halartar taron), sannu-sannu na gina sassan ƙididdiga na ayyuka, motsa jiki, zuwa ga masu zaman kansu (ga kowa da abubuwan da suka haɗa da shi), ta haka yana tabbatar da laifi ko rashin laifi a wannan laifi. Ta hanyar tunani mai mahimmanci, ya nuna mai laifi, yana ba da tabbacin rashin laifi. Sabili da haka, ana iya cewa rabuwar yana da amfani ƙwarai ga masu bincike, masu bincike, lauyoyi, da dai sauransu.
Duk da haka cirewa yana da amfani ga kowane mutum mai haɗari, duk abin da ya aikata. Alal misali, a cikin rayuwar yau da kullum, yana inganta fahimtar mutanen da ke kewaye da su, haɓaka dangantaka da su; a cikin nazarin - da sauri da yawa fiye da cancantar fahimtar abin da ake nazarin; da kuma a cikin aikin - don yin shawarwari mafi kyau da kuma daidai, yayin da yake ƙididdige ayyukan da motsa jiki da ma'aikata a kan matakan da dama. Abin da ya sa ya kamata mu yi ƙoƙarin ƙoƙarin inganta wannan hanyar tunani.