Haihuwar hanya don bincika ayyukan da tunanin mutum da tunanin mutum a yayin aikin su yana nufin karni na 17. A tushensa sun tsaya da irin wannan masana kimiyya masu ban sha'awa R. Descartes, D. Locke da sauransu waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙari su fahimci yiwuwar wani mutum wanda yake nazarin ayyukansa da kuma jin daɗin ciki da ke tattare da su.
Menene introspection?
Kodayake wannan ƙayyadadden lokaci ne wanda ke amfani da ilimin halin mutum da kuma ma'anar "kallo a ciki," gabatarwa da masaniyar mafi yawan mu. Babu mutumin da ba ya kokarin fahimtar ayyukansa a wannan ko kuma halin da ake ciki, yana nazarin sakamakon. Kuma 'yan mutane suna tsammanin cewa a wannan lokacin ya shiga cikin jihar da aka dauka a matsayin wani abu na iya gabatarwa.
Saboda haka, gabatarwa shine daya daga cikin hanyoyi na zurfin sanin kai, lokacin da mutum zai iya nazarin kansa:
- abubuwa;
- motsin zuciyarmu;
- tunani;
- ji;
- manufofin da suke samarwa cikin kwakwalwa.
Binciken cikin ilimin kimiyya
Samun damar gabatarwa shine babban kyauta; ba duk suna da mallaka ba, har ma wadanda aka ba su ba sukan amfani da shi ba da fasaha, suna mayar da ita ga son kai, yayin da aka bincika abubuwan da suka faru kawai ana biyawa ga tunanin da ya ji. Zai iya isa samoyedstva, lokacin da duk abin da ya faru sai batun ya zargi kansa. Ba kamar waɗannan abubuwa masu lalacewa ba, dubawa a cikin ilimin kwakwalwa shine wani bincike da zai ba da damar ƙaddamar da halin kirki da kuma tunanin mutum ba tare da yanke hukunci ba.
Bincike - da ribobi da fursunoni
Hanyar gabatarwa a cikin ilimin kwakwalwa, kamar kowane hanyar bincike, zai iya ƙunsar al'amura masu kyau da kuma mummunan abubuwa, saboda hotunan tunanin mutum na musamman, kuma ba zai iya ba da shawarwarin da ya dace da kowa ba. Duk da haka, hanyar da aka fara amfani da su don dubawa yanayin yanayin mutum ya nuna wasu siffofi masu yawa. Daga cikin mahimmanci shine:
- ilmi game da ayyukansu, abubuwan da suka dace da hasara;
- da yiwuwar inganta rayuwar mutum;
- "An rufe" daga kallon waje na duk abinda ya faru da mutum.
Amma ga ma'anar mummunan hanya, masu bincike a nan sun kira shi daya kawai: dabi'a mai ban sha'awa game da kai a cikin mafi girma mafi girma. Ya kara daga binciken: "Na gafartawa kaina, ƙaunatataccena," zuwa: "Dukan laifin ni ne, saboda ni bala'i (mai son kansa)." Bayar da haraji ga nazarin gida wanda ke da mahimmanci ga mutum, masana basuyi la'akari da su kimiyya ba.
Binciken da kuma gabatarwa
Tsakanin hanyar gabatarwa da kuma dubawa a wasu lokuta yana sanya alamar daidai, yana nuna cewa ilimin ilimin su iri ɗaya ne: wani tunanin da ke ciki cikin abubuwan da ke faruwa a ciki, inda aka ba da labarin da ake magana da shi, wanda ake kira "mai kallo". Amma masana sun yi imanin cewa gabatarwa da gabatarwa suna da muhimmiyar bambance-bambance:
- lura da kai shine hanyar samun bayanai game da tunanin mutum da tunanin mutum daga kansa;
- introspection - yin amfani da bayanan da aka samo sakamakon sakamakon introspection.
Ra'ayin tunani da gabatarwa shine bambance-bambance. Abun hulɗar tsakanin dubawa da juyayi yana da ban sha'awa kamar yadda hanyoyi guda biyu da ke fadada nazarin nazarin yanayin tunanin mutum. Yawancin masana sun yarda cewa duka biyu suna da muhimmanci: gabatarwa da tunani; Bambanci shine cewa "tsoffin" amsoshin "ga rayayye, yayi la'akari da yadda ya yi da ayyukan da aka yi, da kuma na biyu - ga jiki, yana bayarwa game da ayyukansa.
Types introspection a cikin psychology
Tarihin asalin wannan hanya ya haifar da wasu nau'o'in gabatarwa, wanda masana kimiyya daga makarantun falsafa da na ilimin Turai suka gano. Daga cikinsu akwai:
- ƙaddamarwa, ƙyale su bincika bayyanar da tunani da jin dadin rayuwa, wato, bayan aiwatar da wasu ayyuka;
- Nazari, kamar ƙaddamar da motsin zuciyarmu, decomposing su a cikin kananan abubuwa da nuna su daga lokacin da aka fara gabatarwa;
- nazarin halittu - dubawa, amfani da Gestalt psychology, lokacin da bincike na yanayin ciki na mutum ya faru a kwatanta, ba tare da haddasa mummunan rauni ba.
A cikin wasu wallafe-wallafen kimiyya, an gabatar da wani gwaji na baya-bayanan, wanda zai iya yin bincike akai-akai game da tunanin tunanin mutum akan abubuwan da ke faruwa a halin mutum. Ta haka ne, yana ba da halaye masu tunani na tunani. Har zuwa farkon karni na ashirin, nazarin dubawa ya kasance kawai hanyar ingantacciyar hanyar nazarin tunanin mutum.