Cututtuka na Chromosomal sune cututtuka na yanayi wanda ke haifar da shi, wanda ya haifar da canji a tsarin ko yawan chromosomes. Wannan rukuni na cututtuka sun haɗa da wadanda ke haifar da maye gurbin kwayoyin halitta. Akwai cututtuka saboda sauye-sauye a cikin jinsunan jima'i na iyaye.
Manufar cututtuka na chromosomal
Wannan babban rukuni ne na cututtuka marasa lafiya, wanda ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan wurare a cikin jerin abubuwan ilimin cututtuka na mutum. Nazarin ilimin nazarin halittu daga kayan samuwa daga farawa da haihuwa ya nuna cewa cututtuka na nakasassu na mutum zai iya nuna kansu ko da a cikin embryos. Wato, cutar tana tasowa a hanyar hadi ko a farkon matakai na rarrabuwa na zygote.
Nau'in cututtuka na chromosomal
Masana sun saba da raba dukkanin cututtuka zuwa manyan nau'i uku. Kayyadewar cututtuka na chromosomal ya dogara ne akan keta hakki:
- alal misali;
- yawan chromosomes;
- tsarin chromosomes.
Abubuwa mafi yawan gaske da aka haifar da wani cin zarafi - triploid da tetralopodium. Irin waɗannan canje-canje, a matsayin mai mulkin, an gyara su ne kawai a cikin kayan da aka samu sakamakon sakamakon abortions. Abubuwan da suka dace da haihuwar yaran da ke da irin wannan cuta sune sananne, kuma suna kalubalanci aiki na al'ada. Triploidy shine sakamakon haɗuwa da 'ya'yan jaririn diploid tare da spermatozoa na hamsin ko a'a. Wasu lokuta anomaly ne sakamakon sakamakon hawan kwayar daya tare da spermatozoa biyu.
Ciwon lamba na chromosome
A mafi yawancin lokuta, cututtuka na chromosomal, wanda ya haifar da saɓo yawan adadin chromosomes, an nuna su ta hanyar jiki ko tsinkaye. A ƙarshe, dukkanin sassa uku na nucleoprotein su ne alamomi. A farkon anomaly na adadin chromosomes, daya daga cikin biyu a cikin saitin ya kasance al'ada. Dukkanin kwayar halitta ne kawai a kan X-chromosome, saboda jarabawa tare da sauran jigo sun mutu sosai - ko da a farkon matakai na ci gaban intrauterine.
Rushewar tsarin tsarin chromosome
Hanyoyin da ke tasowa akan tushen tsarin tsarin kwakwalwa suna wakiltar wani babban rukuni na ciwo tare da tawali'u daya ko ta jiki. Suna tashi idan akwai canje-canje na tsarin jinsin jima'i. Irin wannan damuwa yana shafar matakai na recombination. Saboda wannan, a cikin na'ura mai nau'i, akwai asara ko haɓakawa daga ɓangarorin ƙwayoyin nucleoprotein. Abnormalities marasa gamsuwa za a iya kiyaye su a cikin kowane chromosomes.
Sanadin cututtuka na chromosomal
Masana kimiyya na dogon lokaci sunyi aiki akan wannan batu. Yayinda yake fitowa, maye gurbin chromosomal cutar. Suna haifar da karkatawa cikin tsari da ayyuka na tsarin nucleoprotein. Ka sani ba sanadin cututtuka na cututtuka na chromosomal ba, har ma abubuwan da ke da damar bayyanar da maye gurbin. Darajar suna da:
- fasali na anomaly shiga;
- genotype na kwayoyin;
- nau'in anomaly;
- girman girman da ya ɓace ko ya wuce kwayoyin halitta (tare da rikice-rikicen tsarin);
- mataki na kwayoyin mosaic na kwayoyin (kawai waɗannan kwayoyin da suke da rarraba a tsari ko ayyuka suna ɗauke da asusu).
Cututtuka na Chromosomal - Jerin
Kowace shekara, an sabunta shi da sababbin sunaye - ana bincika matsalolin kullum. Idan akai la'akari da irin cututtuka na chromosomal, shahararrun yau shine:
- Down Ciwo. Yana tasowa ne saboda trisomy. Wato, domin a cikin kwayoyin akwai uku na uku na 21st chromosome, maimakon biyu. A matsayinka na doka, tsarin "mafi kyawun" yana canjawa zuwa jariri daga uwarsa.
- Klinefelter ta ciwo. Wannan cututtukan chromosomal ba ya bayyana nan da nan a haihuwar haihuwa, amma bayan haihuwa. A sakamakon wannan karkacewa, maza suna karɓar daga cikin guda zuwa uku na chromosomes kuma sun rasa damar samun 'ya'ya.
- Myopia. Myopia shine bambancin kwayoyin halitta, saboda wanda aka kafa hotunan ba inda ake kamata ya zama - a kan ido ba - amma a gabansa. Babban dalilin wannan matsala shine karuwa a cikin ido a tsawon.
- Haske makafi. Ƙunƙasar launi ba zai iya bambanta ɗaya ko launuka ba a lokaci guda. Dalili - a cikin "nakasa" chromosome X, an karɓa daga uwarsa. A cikin karfi da jima'i, wannan ɓata yana faruwa sau da yawa, saboda mutane, tsarin X ne kawai, kuma "don gyara lahani" - kamar yadda ya faru a yanayin kwayoyin mata - kwayoyin jikinsu basu iya.
- Hemophilia. Yawancin cututtuka na Chromosomal za a iya nuna su ta hanyar cin zarafin jini.
- Migraine. Haka kuma cututtukan da ke fama da mummunar zafi a kai, an gaji.
- Cystic fibrosis. Domin wannan ciwo shine cin zarafin ƙyama. Mutanen da ke da wannan ganewar sun sha wahala daga ƙwacewa mai tsanani, yawan rabuwa na ƙwaƙwalwa, haɗuwa cikin jiki da kuma tsangwama tare da daidaitattun aikin huhu.
Hanyar ganewar asali na cututtuka na chromosomal
Tattaunawar halitta, a matsayin mai mulkin, nemi taimako daga irin waɗannan hanyoyin:
- Genealogical. Tana samowa da kuma nazarin bayanan da aka samu game da tsarin likitancin. Wannan hanya tana iya fahimtar ko cutar ta kasance mai raɗaɗi kuma, idan haka, ƙayyade irin gado.
- Antenatal ganewar asali. Ya gano nau'in halayen dan tayi, wanda yake a cikin mahaifa a lokacin makonni 14-16 na ciki. Idan ana iya gano mahaukaciyar ruwa a cikin mahaifa ta autosomes, za a iya yin zubar da ciki .
- Cytogenetic. An yi amfani dasu don gano ƙwayar cuta da rashin ciwo.
- Biochemical. Ya bayyana cutar kuma yana taimakawa wajen gane kwayoyin halitta.
Jiyya na cututtuka na chromosomal
Farida baya taimakawa wajen kawar da cutar, amma zai iya rage shi. Anyi amfani da nau'o'in ƙwayoyin cuta na Chromosomal na tayin tare da irin wadannan hanyoyin:
- Dietotherapy. Yana ɗaukar ƙarawa ko ɓata daga rage cin abinci na wasu abubuwa.
- Drug far. An yi amfani dashi don tasiri da hanyoyin da ake kira enzyme.
- M magani. Taimaka jimre wa cututtukan zuciya, cututtuka daban-daban da nakasa.
- Matsalar canzawa. Dalilinsa shi ne a cikin biyan kuɗin waɗannan abubuwa waɗanda ba a haɗa su cikin jiki ba.
Yawancin cututtuka na chromosomal
Sau da yawa, ƙwayoyin cututtuka na nakasassu na mutane suna faruwa ne a cikin kayan da aka samo asali daga abortions maras kyau wanda aka yi a farkon farkon shekaru uku. Kullum yawancin cin zarafi a cikin yawan jama'a ba gaskiya bane kuma kimanin kashi 1% ne. Yara da cututtukan kwayoyin halitta ma za'a iya haifa a cikin iyaye masu lafiya. Yarinyar mata da maza, kamar yadda aikin likita ya nuna, cututtukan chromosomal suna fama da wannan mita.