Ka'idar Darwin - hujjoji da kuma gurbata ka'idar asalin mutum

A shekara ta 1859 an wallafa aikin Charlesist Darwin na halitta Turanci - The Origin of Species. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ka'idar juyin halitta ta kasance mahimmanci wajen bayyana ka'idodin ci gaban duniya. Ana koyar da shi a makarantu a cikin ilimin halitta, har ma da wasu majami'u sun san darajarta.

Menene ka'idar Darwin?

Ka'idar Darwin ta juyin halitta shine manufar cewa dukan kwayoyin sun fito ne daga magabata daya. Yana jaddada ainihin asali na rayuwa tare da canji. Kwayoyin halitta sun fito daga mutane masu sauki, wannan yana daukan lokaci. A cikin tsarin kwayoyin halittar kwayoyin halitta bazuwar maye gurbi, masu amfani suna kasancewa, suna taimaka wa tsira. Bayan lokaci, suna tarawa, kuma sakamakon shine nau'in daban, ba kawai bambancin asalin ba, amma sabon abu ne.

Tushen ka'idojin ka'idar Darwin

Ka'idar Darwin game da asalin mutum an haɗa shi a cikin cigaban juyin halitta na rayuwa. Darwin ya yi imanin cewa Homo Sapiens ya samo asali ne daga wani nau'in rayuwa kuma yana da magabata daya tare da biri. Haka dokoki sun kai ga bayyanarsa, godiya ga abin da wasu kwayoyin sun bayyana. Ka'idar juyin halitta ta dogara ne akan waɗannan ka'idoji:

1. Ƙari . Tsakanin yankunan sun kasance masu karko, saboda ƙananan ɓangaren zuriya suna tsira kuma suna karuwa.
2. A gwagwarmayar rayuwa . Yara na kowace tsara dole ne su yi gasa su tsira.
3. Adawa . Shirya shi ne dabi'un da aka haifa wanda ya kara yawan yiwuwar rayuwa da haifuwa a cikin wani yanayi.
4. Zabin yanayi . Yanayin yana "zabar" rayayyun halittu tare da dabi'u masu dacewa. 'Ya'yan suna da mafi kyawun kyauta, kuma jinsin suna inganta ga wani wuri.
5. Bayani . Ga ƙarnõni, maye gurbin amfani ya karu sosai, kuma mummunan sun ɓace. Yawancin lokaci, canje-canjen da aka haɓaka ya zama babba don haka sakamakon shine sabon salo.

Ka'idar Darwin ta kasance gaskiya ko fiction?

Ka'idar juyin halitta ta Darwin - batun batutuwa masu yawa na ƙarni da dama. A gefe guda, masana kimiyya zasu iya faɗar abin da tsohuwar wutsiyoyi suka kasance, amma a daya - sun rasa shaida. Halitta (masu bi na asalin duniya) sun gane wannan a matsayin shaidar cewa babu juyin halitta. Suna yin ba'a game da ra'ayin cewa akwai wata tudun kasa.

Shaidar ka'idar Darwin

Don sha'awar Darwiniyanci, a cikin 1994 masana ilmin lissafin binciken sun gano burbushin burbushin ambulocetus, fasinjan tafiya. Hannun da aka sanya shi ya taimaka masa wajen motsawa cikin ƙasa, da kuma baya mai karfi da wutsiya - yin iyo. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an samo yawancin' yan tsaka-tsakin yanayi, wadanda ake kira "haɗin da aka ɓace". Sabili da haka, ka'idar Charles Darwin akan asalin mutum an karfafa shi ta hanyar gano bayanan Pithecanthropus, tsaka-tsaki tsakanin jinsi da mutum. Baya ga ka'idar binciken ilimin halitta akwai wasu alamomin ka'idar juyin halitta:

1. Halittu - bisa ga ka'idar Darwin, kowane sabon kwayoyin halitta ba'a halicce shi ta hanyar fashewa ba, duk abu ya fito ne daga magabata daya. Alal misali, irin wannan nau'i na ƙafafun ƙwayar ƙafafun da fuka-fuki na fuka-fuki ba'a bayyana a cikin mai amfani ba, sun yiwu sun karbi shi daga magabata daya. Hakanan zai iya haɗawa da sassan layi biyar, tsarin maganganun irin wannan a cikin kwari iri daban-daban, atavisms, rudiments (kwayoyin da suka rasa darajar su a tsarin juyin halitta).
2. Embryological - dukkan lakabi suna da babban kama da juna a cikin embryos. Mutumin mutum, wanda ya kasance a cikin mahaifa na wata daya, yana da jaka. Wannan ya nuna cewa magabatan su ne mazaunan ruwa.
3. Kwayoyin halitta-kwayoyin halitta da biochemical - hadin kai na rayuwa a matakin biochemistry. Idan duk kwayoyin ba su samo asali ne daga wannan kakanninsu ba, suna da asalin halittar su, amma DNA na dukkan halittu ya ƙunshi 4 nucleotides, kuma sun kasance fiye da 100 a yanayin.

Karyata ka'idar Darwin

Ka'idar Darwin ba ta da wata hujja - kawai wannan mahimmancin isa ga masu sukar suyi tambayoyi game da dukkanin sa. Babu wanda ya taɓa ganin macroevolution - Ban ga wata jinsin ta canza cikin wani. Kuma duk da haka, idan a kalla daya biri zai riga ya zama mutum? Tambayoyin Darwin sun tambayi wannan tambayar.

Facts da suka fayyace ka'idar Darwin:

1. Nazarin sun nuna cewa duniya duniya tana kimanin shekaru 20 zuwa 30,000. Hakanan mutane da yawa sunyi nazari kan yawan adadi na duniya a duniya, shekarun koguna da duwatsu. Juyin Halitta daga Darwin ya ɗauki biliyoyin shekaru.
2. Mutum yana da 46 chromosomes, kuma biri yana da 48. Wannan bai dace da ra'ayin cewa namiji da biri suna da magabata daya ba. Da "ɓata" ƙwayoyin chromosomes a hanya daga biri, jinsin bazai iya samuwa a cikin wani abu mai kyau ba. A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, ba'afi ɗaya ba ta sauka, kuma babu wata biri ta zama mutum.
3. Kyakkyawan kyakkyawa, wanda, alal misali, masu tsayayya da Darwiniyanci suna nuna nauyin tsuntsayen tsuntsaye, ba su da kome da za su yi da mai amfani. Za a yi juyin halitta - duniyoyin duniya za su zauna.

Ka'idar Darwin da kimiyyar zamani

Ka'idar juyin halitta ta Darwin ta fara haske lokacin da masana kimiyya basu san kome ba game da kwayoyin halitta. Darwin yayi la'akari da tsarin juyin halitta, amma bai sani ba game da tsarin. A farkon karni na 20, kwayoyin halittu sun fara ci gaba - sun bude chromosomes da kwayoyin halitta, daga bisani sun kaddamar da kwayar DNA. Ga wasu masanan kimiyya, ka'idar Darwin ta yi watsi da ita - tsarin tsarin kwayoyin halitta ya zama mafi mahimmanci, kuma adadin chromosomes a cikin mutane da birai daban.

Amma masu goyon bayan Darwiniyanci sun ce Darwin bai taba cewa mutum ya zo daga biri ba - suna da kakanninmu. Gano kwayoyin halitta ga Darwiniyanci ya ba da gudummawa ga cigaban ka'idar juyin halitta (hada da kwayoyin halitta a ka'idar Darwin). Canje-canjen jiki da halayyar da ke yin zabin yanayi zasu iya faruwa a matakin DNA da kwayoyin. Irin waɗannan canje-canje ana kiran maye gurbi. Hanyoyi su ne abubuwa masu mahimmanci wanda juyin halitta ke aiki.

Ka'idar Darwin - abubuwan ban sha'awa

Ka'idar juyin halitta na Charles Darwin shine aikin mutum wanda, bayan watsi da aikin likita saboda tsoron jini , ya tafi nazarin tauhidin. Bayanan mafi ban sha'awa:

1. Maganar "mafi karfi da karfi" shine na Darwin-Herbert Spencer da ke da tunani kamar haka.
2. Charles Darwin ba kawai yayi nazarin nau'in dabbobi ba, amma ya ci abinci tare da su.
3. Ikilisiyar Anglican ta nemi gafarar marubucin ka'idar juyin halitta, koda yake shekaru 126 bayan mutuwarsa.

Ka'idar Darwin da Kristanci

Da kallon farko, ainihin ka'idar Darwin ya sabawa duniya. A wani lokaci, yanayin addini ya kawo sababbin ra'ayoyi. Darwin kansa a cikin aikin aikin ya daina zama mai bi. Amma yanzu yawancin wakilan Krista sunyi iyakacin cewa za'a iya samun sulhuntawa - akwai wadanda ke da bangaskiyar addini kuma basu musun juyin halitta ba. Ikklisiyoyin Katolika da Anglican sun karbi ka'idar Darwin, suna bayyana cewa Allah a matsayin mai halitta ya ba da hankali ga farkon rayuwa, sannan kuma ya ci gaba a hanyoyi. Har ila yau, sashin Orthodox yana da rashin tausayi ga Darwiniyanci.